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  Contents  preface  Introduction 1  PART ONE The Context  Chapter 1 Who Are You?  The Influence of Time and Place  The Influence of Ideas  The influence of Mass Culture  The ""Science"" of Manipulation  The Influence of Psychology  Becoming an Individual  Chapter 2 What Is Critical Thinking?  Mind, Brain, or Both?  Critical Thinking Defined  Characteristics of Critical Thinkers  The Role of Intuition  Basic Activities in Critical Thinking  Critical Thinking and Writing  Critical Thinking and Discussion  Avoiding Plagiarism  Chapter 3 What Is Truth?  Where Does It All Begin?  Imperfect Perception  Imperfect Memory  Deficient Information  Even the Wisest Can Err  Truth Is Discovered, Not Created  Understanding Cause and Effect  Chapter 4 What Does It Mean to Know?  Requirements of Knowing  Testing Your Own Knowledge  How We Come to Know  Why Knowing Is Difficult  A Cautionary Tale  Is Faith a Form of Knowledge?  Obstacles to Knowledge  Chapter 5 How Good Are Your Opinions?  Opinions Can Be Mistaken  Opinions on Moral Issues  Even Experts Can Be Wrong  Kinds of Errors  Informed Versus Uninformed Opinion  Forming Opinions Responsibly  Chapter 6 What Is Evidence?  Kinds of Evidence  Evaluating Evidence  What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence?  Chapter 7 What Is Argument?  The Parts of an Argument  Evaluating Arguments  More Difficult Arguments  PART TWO The Pitfalls  Chapter 8 The Basic Problem: ""Mine Is Better""  Egocentric People  Ethnocentric People  Controlling ""Mine-Is-Better"" Thinking  Chapter 9 Errors of Perspective  Poverty of Aspect  Unwarrented Assumptions  The Either/Or Outlook  Mindless Conformity  Absolutism  Relativism  Bias for or Against Change  Chapter 10 Errors of Procedure  Biased Consideration of Evidence  Double Standard  Hasty Conclustion  Overgeneralization and Stereotyping  Oversimplification  The Post Hoc Fallacy  Chapter 11 Errors of Expression  Contradiction  Arguing in a Circle  Meaningless Statement  Mistaken Authority  False Analogy  Irrational Appeal  Chapter 12 Errors of Reaction  Automatic Rejection  Changing the Subject  Shifting the Burden of Proof  Straw Man  Attacking the Critic  Chapter 13 The Errors in Combination  Errors of Perspective  Errors of Procedure  Errors of Expression  Errors of Reaction  Sample Combinations of Errors  A Sensible View of Terminology  PART THREE A sTRATEGY  Chapter 14 Knowing Yourself  Critical Thinking Inventory  Using Your Inventory  Challenge and Reward  Chapter 15 Being Observant  Observing People  Observation in Science and Medicine  The Range of Application  Becoming More Observant  Reflecting on Your Observations  Chapter 16 Selecting an Issue  The Basic Rule: Less Is More  How to Limit an Issue  Sample Issue: Pornography  Sample Issue: Boxing  Sample Issue: Juvenile Crime  Narrowing the Issue Further  Chapter 17 Conducting Inquiry  Working with Inconclusive Results  Where to Look for INformation  Keeping Focused  How Much Inquiry Is Enough?  Managing Lengthy Material  Chapter 18 Forming a Judgment  Evaluating Evidence  Evaluating Your Sources' Arguments  Making Important Distinctions  Expressing Judgments  Chapter 19 Persuading Others  Guidelineds for Persuasion  An Unpersuasive Presentation  A Persuasive Presentation  Notes  IndexPreface  When the first edition of this book appeared in 1975, the dominant intellectual focus was still subjectiveity, feelings。JessicaKantola – Pentravel该研讨会与Agentivity合作,为TI Plus用户开发。你房贷还完了吗。
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